MBLEx – Kinesiology — Quick Review

Which connective tissue layer surrounds an individual muscle fiber?

Endomysium

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Perimysium

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Epimysium

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Fascia

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Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract?

Smooth muscle

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Skeletal muscle

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Cardiac muscle

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Striated voluntary muscle

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The functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the:

Sarcomere

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Fascicle

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Myofibril

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Motor unit

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A massage therapist palpates a muscle that feels ropy and has distinct, palpable bundles. These bundles are known as:

Fascicles

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Sarcomeres

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Motor units

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Tendons

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Which type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle generates force while shortening?

Concentric contraction

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Eccentric contraction

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Isometric contraction

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Isokinetic contraction

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When a client slowly lowers a weight from a flexed elbow to full extension, the biceps brachii is performing which type of contraction?

Eccentric contraction

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Concentric contraction

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Isometric contraction

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No contraction is occurring

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A muscle that directly opposes the action of the prime mover is called the:

Antagonist

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Synergist

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Agonist

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Neutralizer

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Which term describes the state of partial contraction maintained by a muscle at rest?

Muscle tone

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Tetanus

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Muscle spasm

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Hypertrophy

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Which proprioceptor detects changes in muscle length and initiates the stretch reflex?

Muscle spindle

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Golgi tendon organ

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Pacinian corpuscle

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Ruffini ending

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Autogenic inhibition is a protective mechanism triggered by which sensory receptor?

Golgi tendon organ

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Muscle spindle

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Nociceptor

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Mechanoreceptor

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A massage therapist applies a slow, sustained stretch to a client’s hamstrings and holds it for 30 seconds. Which neurological mechanism is primarily responsible for the gradual relaxation of the muscle?

Autogenic inhibition via the Golgi tendon organ

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Stretch reflex via the muscle spindle

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Reciprocal inhibition of the quadriceps

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Voluntary relaxation from the motor cortex

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Reciprocal inhibition describes the neurological process in which:

Contraction of the agonist causes reflexive relaxation of the antagonist

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Stretching a muscle causes it to contract reflexively

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Excessive tension in a tendon causes the muscle to relax

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Both the agonist and antagonist contract simultaneously

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The trapezius muscle performs which of the following actions on the scapula?

Elevation, retraction, and depression depending on the fiber region

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Flexion and extension of the shoulder joint

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Lateral flexion of the cervical spine only

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Protraction of the scapula

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A client reports pain in the low back when standing for long periods. The massage therapist suspects tightness in the hip flexors is contributing to an excessive anterior pelvic tilt. Which muscle is the primary hip flexor?

Iliopsoas

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Gluteus maximus

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Rectus femoris

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Piriformis

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Which rotator cuff muscle is most commonly injured and is responsible for initiating shoulder abduction?

Supraspinatus

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Infraspinatus

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Teres minor

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Subscapularis

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The gastrocnemius muscle crosses which joints?

Knee and ankle joints

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Ankle joint only

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Hip and knee joints

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Knee joint only

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Which type of synovial joint allows movement in all planes, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation?

Ball-and-socket joint

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Hinge joint

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Pivot joint

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Gliding joint

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What is the primary function of synovial fluid within a joint capsule?

Reducing friction and providing nutrition to articular cartilage

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Producing red blood cells for the joint

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Connecting bones to muscles across the joint

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Stabilizing the joint against lateral movement

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The knee joint is primarily classified as which type of synovial joint?

Hinge joint

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Ball-and-socket joint

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Pivot joint

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Saddle joint

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A client reports clicking and pain in the jaw when chewing. Which joint is most likely involved?

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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Atlanto-occipital joint

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Sternoclavicular joint

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Acromioclavicular joint

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During which type of range of motion assessment does the client move the joint independently without assistance?

Active range of motion (AROM)

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Passive range of motion (PROM)

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Resisted range of motion (RROM)

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Manual muscle testing

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A client can fully extend the knee when the massage therapist moves it passively, but cannot fully extend it actively. What does this finding most likely suggest?

Weakness or inhibition of the knee extensors (quadriceps)

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A joint capsule restriction limiting extension

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A torn anterior cruciate ligament

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Excessive flexibility in the hamstrings

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Normal shoulder flexion range of motion is approximately:

170 to 180 degrees

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90 to 100 degrees

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120 to 130 degrees

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45 to 60 degrees

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What are the origin, insertion, and primary action of the latissimus dorsi?

Origin: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and lower thoracic vertebrae; insertion: intertubercular groove of the humerus; action: shoulder extension, adduction, and internal rotation

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Origin: clavicle; insertion: radius; action: elbow flexion

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Origin: sternum; insertion: scapula; action: shoulder elevation

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Origin: cervical vertebrae; insertion: ribs; action: neck flexion

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What are the origin, insertion, and primary actions of the pectoralis major?

Origin: clavicle, sternum, and upper ribs; insertion: intertubercular groove of the humerus; actions: shoulder flexion, adduction, and internal rotation

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Origin: scapula; insertion: radius; action: elbow extension

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Origin: pelvis; insertion: femur; action: hip flexion

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Origin: vertebrae; insertion: ribs; action: trunk rotation

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Where is the pectoralis minor and what is its action?

Deep to the pectoralis major; origin: ribs 3 to 5; insertion: coracoid process of the scapula; action: scapular protraction and depression

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Superficial to the pectoralis major; origin: clavicle; action: shoulder horizontal adduction

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Lateral to the pectoralis major; origin: ribs 6 to 8; action: trunk rotation

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Deep to the deltoid; origin: scapular spine; action: shoulder external rotation

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Which four muscles make up the quadriceps group?

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius

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Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and gracilis

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Gluteus maximus, medius, minimus, and piriformis

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Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, and peroneus longus

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Which three muscles make up the hamstrings group?

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus

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Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis

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Gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus

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Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris

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Where is the soleus and what is its primary action?

Deep to the gastrocnemius on the posterior leg; origin: posterior tibia and fibula; insertion: calcaneus via the Achilles tendon; action: plantarflexion

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On the anterior leg; action: dorsiflexion

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On the lateral hip; action: hip abduction

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On the anterior thigh; action: knee extension

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What is the primary action of the gluteus medius?

Hip abduction and stabilization of the pelvis during single-leg stance

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Hip extension

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Knee flexion

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Ankle dorsiflexion

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Where is the rectus abdominis and what is its primary action?

Anterior abdomen from the pubic crest to the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5 to 7; action: trunk flexion

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Posterior trunk; action: trunk extension

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Lateral thigh; action: hip abduction

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Anterior neck; action: head rotation

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What is the erector spinae group and what is its primary action?

A group of muscles running along the spine (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) that extend and laterally flex the vertebral column

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A single muscle in the anterior abdomen

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A group of muscles in the anterior thigh

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A muscle in the upper arm

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What are the origin, insertion, and actions of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM)?

Origin: sternum and clavicle; insertion: mastoid process of the temporal bone; actions: unilateral contraction rotates head to opposite side, bilateral contraction flexes the neck

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Origin: scapula; insertion: humerus; action: shoulder flexion

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Origin: pelvis; insertion: femur; action: hip flexion

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Origin: ribs; insertion: vertebrae; action: trunk extension

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Where are the scalene muscles and what do they do?

On the lateral neck, from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to the first and second ribs; actions: lateral flexion of the neck and elevation of the ribs during forced inhalation

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In the lower back; action: trunk extension

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In the anterior chest; action: shoulder flexion

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In the posterior thigh; action: knee flexion

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Where is the levator scapulae and what is its primary action?

From the transverse processes of C1 to C4 to the superior angle of the scapula; action: elevation of the scapula and downward rotation

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From the sternum to the humerus; action: shoulder flexion

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From the pelvis to the femur; action: hip extension

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From the ribs to the clavicle; action: shoulder protraction

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Where are the rhomboids and what is their primary action?

Between the thoracic spine (spinous processes T2 to T5) and the medial border of the scapula; action: scapular retraction and downward rotation

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Between the clavicle and humerus; action: shoulder flexion

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Between the pelvis and femur; action: hip extension

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Between the sternum and ribs; action: breathing

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What is the difference between a muscle’s origin and insertion?

The origin is the more proximal, less movable attachment; the insertion is the more distal, more movable attachment that moves toward the origin during contraction

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Origin and insertion are interchangeable terms

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The origin always attaches to a tendon

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The insertion is always on the trunk

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What movement does adduction describe?

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

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Movement of a limb away from the midline

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Rotation of a limb around its long axis

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Bending a joint to decrease its angle

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What does rotation mean as a muscle action?

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis, either medially (internally) or laterally (externally)

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Movement toward the midline

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Movement away from the midline

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Bending a joint to decrease its angle

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Where is the tibialis anterior and what is its primary action?

On the anterior (front) of the lower leg; origin: lateral tibia; insertion: medial cuneiform and first metatarsal; action: dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

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On the posterior leg; action: plantarflexion

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On the lateral thigh; action: hip abduction

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On the medial thigh; action: hip adduction

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What is a cartilaginous joint?

A joint where bones are connected by cartilage, allowing limited movement; examples include intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis

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A freely movable joint with a joint capsule

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A joint held together by sutures

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A joint with no cartilage present

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What is a fibrous joint?

A joint where bones are connected by dense fibrous connective tissue, allowing little to no movement; examples include skull sutures and the distal tibiofibular joint

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A freely movable joint with synovial fluid

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A joint connected by cartilage

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A joint with a bursa

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What is a condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint?

A synovial joint with an oval-shaped articular surface that allows movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction); examples include the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints

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A joint that only allows rotation

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A joint that allows movement in one plane only

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A joint that allows no movement

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What is a bursa?

A small, fluid-filled sac located between bones and soft tissues that reduces friction during movement

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A type of ligament

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A section of articular cartilage

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A nerve that crosses a joint

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What is a meniscus?

A crescent-shaped disc of fibrocartilage found in certain joints (notably the knee) that provides shock absorption, load distribution, and joint stability

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A type of ligament

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A bone within a joint

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A muscle attachment point

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What is a labrum?

A ring of fibrocartilage that deepens the socket of a ball-and-socket joint, providing additional stability; found in the shoulder (glenoid labrum) and hip (acetabular labrum)

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A type of muscle attachment

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A nerve that surrounds a joint

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A ligament connecting two bones

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What is the structure and function of an intervertebral disc?

A fibrocartilage disc between vertebral bodies consisting of a tough outer annulus fibrosus and a gel-like inner nucleus pulposus, providing shock absorption and spinal flexibility

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A bone that separates vertebrae

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A ligament connecting vertebrae

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A muscle that rotates the spine

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What type of joint is the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint?

A ball-and-socket synovial joint that allows multiaxial movement including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction

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A hinge joint that primarily allows flexion and extension

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A condyloid joint that allows biaxial movement in two planes

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A pivot joint that primarily allows rotational movement

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What type of joint is the hip joint?

A ball-and-socket synovial joint that allows multiaxial movement but with greater stability than the shoulder due to a deeper socket

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A hinge joint

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A pivot joint

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A gliding joint

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What type of joint is the ankle?

A hinge (modified) synovial joint that primarily allows dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

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A ball-and-socket joint

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A pivot joint

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A saddle joint

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What are the key structural features of the spinal segments?

Each spinal segment consists of two adjacent vertebrae, the intervertebral disc between them, the facet joints, and the associated ligaments, nerves, and muscles

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A spinal segment is a single vertebra

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Spinal segments only exist in the lumbar region

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A spinal segment includes the spinal cord only

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What is the sacroiliac (SI) joint?

The joint between the sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis, a strong, weight-bearing joint with limited movement that transfers forces between the upper body and lower extremities

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A freely movable hip joint

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A joint in the knee

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A joint in the cervical spine

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What is proprioception?

The body's ability to sense its own position, movement, and force in space without relying on visual cues

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The ability to see in dim lighting

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The sense of smell

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The ability to hear high-pitched sounds

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What are joint receptors and what information do they provide?

Mechanoreceptors in joint capsules and ligaments that detect joint position, movement speed, and direction

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Receptors that produce joint fluid

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Receptors that control muscle contraction

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Receptors that regulate blood pressure

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What is kinesthesia?

The conscious awareness of body position and movement in space, closely related to proprioception

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The ability to detect temperature changes

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The sense of balance only

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The ability to feel pain

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How does body awareness relate to massage therapy?

Massage can enhance body awareness by stimulating proprioceptors and sensory receptors, helping clients become more conscious of their posture and movement patterns

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Body awareness has no connection to massage therapy

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Massage decreases body awareness

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Body awareness is only relevant for athletes

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What are Meissner corpuscles?

Sensory receptors in the skin that detect light touch and vibration, concentrated in the fingertips, lips, and other sensitive areas

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Receptors that detect muscle length

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Receptors that detect joint position

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Receptors that produce pain signals

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What is an afferent nerve fiber?

A nerve fiber that carries sensory information from the body toward the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

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A nerve fiber that carries motor commands from the brain

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A fiber that connects two bones

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A fiber that produces hormones

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What is an efferent nerve fiber?

A nerve fiber that carries motor commands from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

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A nerve fiber that carries sensory information to the brain

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A fiber that detects joint position

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A fiber that produces pain signals

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What is a reflex arc?

A neural pathway that mediates an automatic response to a stimulus, consisting of a receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, and effector

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A type of muscle stretch

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A joint movement pattern

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A massage technique

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What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

The theory that muscle contraction occurs when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other within the sarcomere, shortening the muscle fiber

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The theory that muscles contract by expanding their fibers

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The theory that bones pull muscles to create movement

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The theory that muscles contract by absorbing water

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What is the all-or-none principle of muscle contraction?

Individual muscle fibers either contract fully or not at all; they cannot contract partially

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The entire muscle always contracts at maximum force

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All muscles in the body contract simultaneously

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A muscle either relaxes or contracts, never both

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What is motor unit recruitment?

The process of activating additional motor units to increase the force of muscle contraction

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The process of hiring new massage therapists

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The movement of muscles to new locations

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The replacement of damaged muscle fibers

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What is muscle atrophy?

A decrease in muscle size and strength due to disuse, denervation, aging, or disease

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An increase in muscle size from exercise

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A type of muscle contraction

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A muscle attachment site

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What causes a muscle cramp?

An involuntary, sustained muscle contraction that can result from dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, overuse, or nerve irritation

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A voluntary muscle contraction

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A complete muscle tear

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A bone fracture

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What is muscle fatigue?

A decline in the ability of a muscle to generate force after prolonged or intense activity

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The sensation of relaxation after massage

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The process of muscle growth

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A permanent loss of muscle function

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What role does lactic acid play in muscle function?

Lactic acid is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism that accumulates during intense exercise and contributes to the burning sensation in fatigued muscles

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Lactic acid strengthens muscles

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Lactic acid is the primary fuel for muscle contraction

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Lactic acid only forms during rest

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What is ATP and why is it important for muscle contraction?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency of cells that provides the chemical energy needed for myosin heads to attach to actin and produce muscle contraction

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ATP is a type of protein found in bones

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ATP is a hormone that regulates muscle growth

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ATP is a vitamin needed for nerve function

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What is a capsular pattern?

A characteristic pattern of ROM restriction at a joint that indicates joint capsule involvement rather than isolated muscle or tendon restriction

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A pattern of muscle contraction

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A type of massage technique

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A method for measuring flexibility

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What is hypermobility?

Excessive joint mobility beyond the normal range, which can result from ligament laxity, genetic conditions, or injury

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Extremely limited joint movement

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Normal joint flexibility

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A type of muscle contraction

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What is hypomobility?

Decreased joint mobility below the normal range, which can result from muscle tightness, joint capsule adhesion, scar tissue, or arthritis

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Excessive joint mobility

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Normal joint function

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A type of massage stroke

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What instrument is used to objectively measure joint range of motion?

A goniometer, which measures the angle of a joint in degrees

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A ruler

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A thermometer

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A blood pressure cuff

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How is ROM measurement used to track client progress?

By comparing ROM measurements taken at different sessions to document improvement, decline, or stability in joint mobility

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ROM measurement is only used at the initial assessment

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ROM can only be measured once per client

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ROM measurements have no clinical value

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What are approximate normal ROM values for common joint movements?

Shoulder flexion: 150 to 180 degrees; elbow flexion: 140 to 150 degrees; hip flexion: 110 to 120 degrees; knee flexion: 130 to 140 degrees

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All joints have exactly 90 degrees of normal ROM

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Normal ROM cannot be measured

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All joints have 360 degrees of movement

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A client reports increased shoulder pain when reaching overhead. During active ROM assessment, the client winces at approximately 120 degrees of flexion. What does this finding indicate?

Pain during active ROM at a specific angle suggests a possible impingement or tissue irritation at that point in the range

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The joint is completely healthy

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The client needs immediate surgery

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Pain during movement always indicates a fracture

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What is an aponeurosis?

A broad, flat sheet of connective tissue that serves as a tendon, attaching muscle to bone or to other muscles

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A type of muscle contraction

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A small accessory bone within a tendon

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A nerve that supplies a muscle

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What is a muscle spindle and what is its function?

A proprioceptor within skeletal muscle that detects changes in muscle length and rate of stretch, triggering the stretch reflex

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A type of muscle fiber that produces force

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A gland that lubricates muscles

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A blood vessel that supplies muscles

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What is the Golgi tendon organ and what is its function?

A proprioceptor located in the muscle-tendon junction that detects tension and triggers relaxation of the muscle when tension is excessive

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A receptor that detects muscle stretch only

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A gland in the throat

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A bone at the knee joint

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What is the neuromuscular junction?

The synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber where the nerve signal triggers muscle contraction

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A joint between two bones

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A connection between two muscles

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A type of ligament

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What is acetylcholine and what role does it play in muscle contraction?

A neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction that triggers muscle fiber depolarization and contraction

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A hormone that regulates muscle growth

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A mineral that strengthens bones

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A protein that provides muscle flexibility

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What are slow-twitch (Type I) muscle fibers?

Muscle fibers that contract slowly with high endurance and resistance to fatigue, primarily used for sustained, low-intensity activities

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Fibers that produce maximum force in short bursts

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Fibers found only in the heart

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Fibers that do not require oxygen

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What are fast-twitch (Type II) muscle fibers?

Muscle fibers that contract rapidly with high force production but fatigue quickly, primarily used for short bursts of power and speed

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Fibers that contract slowly with high endurance

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Fibers found only in smooth muscle

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Fibers that only function during sleep

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What is the muscle belly?

The fleshy, contractile central portion of a muscle located between the tendons of origin and insertion

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A tendon that connects muscle to bone

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The bone that a muscle attaches to

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The nerve that supplies a muscle

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The glenohumeral joint is classified as which type of synovial joint?

Ball-and-socket joint

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Hinge joint

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Pivot joint

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Saddle joint

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A client reports chronic ankle instability and frequent sprains on the lateral side. Which joint and associated ligaments are most commonly involved?

The talocrural joint, with damage to the lateral ligament complex including the anterior talofibular ligament

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The subtalar joint, with damage to the medial deltoid ligament

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The knee joint, with damage to the posterior cruciate ligament

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The metatarsophalangeal joints, with damage to the plantar plate

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Which of the following best describes the sacroiliac (SI) joint?

A strong, weight-bearing joint between the sacrum and ilium that allows minimal movement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A freely movable ball-and-socket joint that allows full rotation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A cartilaginous joint between two vertebral bodies

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A hinge joint that allows flexion and extension of the pelvis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client reports pain when actively raising their arm overhead but experiences no pain when the massage therapist passively raises the same arm to the same range. This finding suggests:

A muscular or tendinous issue in the muscles that produce active shoulder flexion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A joint capsule restriction that limits all movement equally

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A bone fracture that is aggravated by all shoulder movement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A neurological condition that eliminates all sensation in the arm

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is treating a client with chronic tension along the posterior cervical region and upper back. When palpating the area between the occiput and the scapular spine, the therapist is most likely working on which soft tissue structure?

The upper fibers of the trapezius muscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The rectus abdominis muscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The tibialis anterior tendon

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The pectoralis major muscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The glenohumeral joint of the shoulder is classified as which type of synovial joint?

Ball-and-socket joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hinge joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pivot joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Saddle joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client who recently sprained their ankle reports instability when walking on uneven surfaces. Which structural component of the ankle joint is most likely compromised?

The lateral ligaments that provide stability to the ankle joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The articular cartilage on the tibial plateau

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The meniscus within the ankle joint capsule

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The tendons of the quadriceps muscle group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client reports pain when actively raising the arm overhead, but the therapist can passively move the arm through the same range without pain. What does this finding suggest?

The pain is likely related to a contractile tissue issue such as a muscle or tendon problem

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The joint capsule is severely restricted and requires manipulation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The client is fabricating symptoms since passive movement is pain-free

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The bone structure of the shoulder is fractured

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is working on a client who reports tenderness along the lateral border of the scapula and difficulty with shoulder movements. Which muscle group should the therapist focus on assessing through soft tissue palpation?

The rotator cuff muscles, particularly the infraspinatus and teres minor

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The quadriceps muscle group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The abdominal obliques

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The hamstring muscle group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client reports pain with movement when actively flexing their elbow past 90 degrees. What should the massage therapist do next?

Note the range at which pain occurs, avoid forcing movement beyond that point, and adjust the treatment plan accordingly

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Push the elbow past the painful range to restore full motion during the session

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Diagnose the client with a biceps tendon tear based on the limited range

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Apply deep pressure directly to the elbow joint to reduce inflammation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is performing soft tissue work on the posterior leg. Which muscle group is primarily located in this region?

The gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris, which collectively form the triceps surae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The quadriceps group, including the rectus femoris and vastus muscles

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The hip flexor group, including the psoas major and iliacus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The anterior tibialis and extensor digitorum longus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of soft tissue connects muscle to bone?

Tendon

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ligament

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fascia

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Cartilage

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What type of end feel is characterized by a firm, leathery resistance with slight give at the end of the range, typically caused by a joint capsule or ligamentous stretch?

Firm end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hard end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Soft end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Empty end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist passively flexes a client’s knee and feels a cushioned stop caused by the calf muscles pressing against the posterior thigh. Which type of end feel does this describe?

Soft end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hard end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Firm end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Empty end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of end feel is characterized by an abrupt, unyielding stop caused by bone contacting bone?

Hard end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Firm end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Soft end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Springy end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist passively moves a client’s shoulder into abduction and the client reports severe pain before any tissue resistance is felt, requiring the therapist to stop. Which type of end feel does this describe?

Empty end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hard end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Firm end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Soft end feel

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of muscle contraction involves a change in muscle length while maintaining relatively constant tension?

Isotonic contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isometric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isokinetic contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Passive contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

During a shoulder press exercise, which muscles act as stabilizers to hold the scapula in position while the deltoid performs the primary movement?

Rhomboids and lower trapezius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Biceps brachii and brachialis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hamstrings and gastrocnemius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The biceps brachii muscle performs which primary actions at the elbow and forearm?

Elbow flexion and forearm supination

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Elbow extension and forearm pronation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Elbow flexion and forearm pronation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Elbow extension and forearm supination

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle is the primary extensor of the elbow joint?

Triceps brachii

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Biceps brachii

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Brachialis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Brachioradialis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint allows the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body. Which structural feature is the primary reason for this extensive mobility?

The shallow glenoid fossa provides minimal bony constraint on the humeral head

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The joint capsule is thicker than other joints, providing elastic recoil

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The clavicle acts as a strut that pushes the humerus laterally, creating space

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The labrum is absent, allowing unrestricted movement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is educating a client about why consistent stretching improves flexibility over time. Which property of connective tissue best explains this adaptation?

Connective tissue remodels in response to sustained mechanical stress, becoming more pliable

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Connective tissue permanently tears and heals in a longer configuration

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Connective tissue has no memory and returns to its original state after each stretch

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Connective tissue only changes through surgical intervention

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which connective tissue layer surrounds an entire skeletal muscle, enclosing all of its fascicles?

Epimysium

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Perimysium

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Endomysium

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Endosteum

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client asks why a specific deep tissue technique seems to release tension in an area far from where the therapist is working. Which structural component best explains this phenomenon?

Fascial continuity, as fascia forms interconnected sheets throughout the body

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Individual muscle fibers contracting independently in distant areas

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Blood flow being redirected from the treated area to the distant area

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The nervous system shutting down all muscle activity body-wide

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What is a motor unit?

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A single muscle fiber and its connective tissue covering

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A group of muscles that perform the same joint action

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The point where a nerve meets the muscle fiber

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist notices that a client’s right calf muscles appear visibly smaller than the left, and the client mentions they had a leg cast for eight weeks after a fracture. What is the most likely cause of this size difference?

Disuse atrophy from prolonged immobilization

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hypertrophy of the left calf from compensatory overuse

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Nerve damage causing permanent paralysis of the right calf

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Normal anatomical variation between limbs

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which component of the sarcomere slides along myosin during muscle contraction according to the sliding filament theory?

Actin filaments

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Collagen fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Elastin fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fascicle bundles

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client performs a wall sit exercise, holding a seated position against the wall without moving. Which type of muscle contraction are the quadriceps performing during this exercise?

Isometric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Concentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Eccentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isotonic contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is working with a client who has chronic tension in the upper trapezius. The therapist applies muscle energy technique by asking the client to gently shrug the shoulders against resistance, then relax. Which neurological principle is being used to achieve relaxation of the upper trapezius after the contraction?

Post-isometric relaxation, where a muscle relaxes more fully after a brief isometric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The stretch reflex, which causes the muscle to contract more strongly

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Reciprocal inhibition, which involves contracting the opposing muscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The withdrawal reflex, which pulls the limb away from a painful stimulus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which term describes a muscle that assists the prime mover by contributing to the same joint action?

Synergist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Antagonist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fixator

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Neutralizer

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

During elbow flexion with a bicep curl, the triceps brachii gradually lengthens to allow the movement. Which muscle role is the triceps brachii performing?

Antagonist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Agonist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Synergist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Stabilizer

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What is tetanus in the context of muscle physiology?

A sustained muscle contraction resulting from rapid, repeated stimulation of the motor unit

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A bacterial infection that affects the nervous system

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The complete relaxation of a muscle after prolonged exertion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A type of muscle fiber that contracts slowly and resists fatigue

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist applies a slow, sustained pressure to a client’s IT band. After approximately 90 seconds, the therapist notices the tissue softening and yielding. Which proprioceptive mechanism best explains this tissue response?

Golgi tendon organ activation causing autogenic inhibition and reduced muscle tone

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Muscle spindle activation causing the stretch reflex to engage

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pacinian corpuscle fatigue causing loss of pressure sensation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Reciprocal inhibition of the opposing muscle group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of sensory receptor is primarily responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration in the skin and subcutaneous tissues?

Pacinian corpuscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Meissner corpuscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ruffini ending

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Free nerve ending

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is performing PNF stretching on a client’s hamstrings. The therapist asks the client to actively contract the quadriceps while the therapist stretches the hamstrings further. Which neurological principle is the therapist utilizing?

Reciprocal inhibition

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Autogenic inhibition

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The stretch reflex

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The withdrawal reflex

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What is the role of Ruffini endings in sensory perception?

Detecting sustained pressure and stretch of the skin

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Detecting rapid vibration in deep tissues

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Detecting temperature changes in the skin

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Detecting pain from tissue damage

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist quickly stretches a client’s muscle, and the muscle immediately contracts in response. Which receptor and reflex are responsible for this reaction?

Muscle spindle activating the stretch reflex

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Golgi tendon organ activating autogenic inhibition

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pacinian corpuscle activating the pressure reflex

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Nociceptor activating the withdrawal reflex

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Nociceptors are sensory receptors that detect which type of stimulus?

Pain from tissue damage or potentially harmful stimuli

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Vibration in deep tissues

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Changes in muscle length

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Joint position and movement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client with a previous ankle sprain reports difficulty maintaining balance on one foot. Which sensory system is most likely impaired, contributing to this functional deficit?

Proprioception from joint receptors in the ankle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The sense of smell, which is connected to balance centers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tactile sensation from the sole of the foot

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hearing, which provides auditory cues for balance

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is assessing a client’s cervical range of motion. When the client actively rotates the head to the right, they report stiffness at the end of range but no pain. When the therapist passively moves the head further into right rotation, an additional 10 degrees is achieved before reaching a firm end feel. What does this finding most likely indicate?

Muscular restriction limiting active ROM, with the joint itself capable of further movement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A complete joint capsule contracture requiring surgical intervention

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ligament laxity causing excessive range of motion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A neurological deficit preventing voluntary muscle contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What does the term ‘flexibility’ refer to in the context of kinesiology?

The ability of soft tissues to allow a joint to move through its full range of motion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The strength of a muscle at its maximum contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The speed at which a joint can move from flexion to extension

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The ability of bone to resist fracture under stress

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist performs resisted range of motion testing on a client’s shoulder. The client reports pain when contracting the shoulder external rotators against resistance, but passive external rotation is pain free. What does this finding suggest?

A contractile tissue issue involving the external rotator muscles or their tendons

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A joint capsule restriction limiting passive range

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A ligament sprain of the glenohumeral joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Normal findings that require no further assessment

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client presents with chronic forward head posture. Which muscles are most likely shortened and would benefit from massage and stretching?

Sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Rhomboids and middle trapezius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hamstrings and gluteus maximus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Erector spinae and multifidus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle is the primary hip flexor and is composed of the psoas major and iliacus?

Iliopsoas

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Rectus femoris

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Sartorius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tensor fasciae latae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client who is a runner reports tightness along the lateral thigh from the hip to the knee. Which structure is most likely involved?

Iliotibial (IT) band

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Sartorius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gracilis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Adductor magnus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What is the primary action of the infraspinatus muscle?

External rotation of the shoulder

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Internal rotation of the shoulder

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Flexion of the shoulder

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Abduction of the shoulder

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client reports difficulty climbing stairs and rising from a seated position. Which muscle group is most likely weakened?

Quadriceps

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hamstrings

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Adductors

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gastrocnemius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle group is primarily responsible for lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk?

Obliques (internal and external)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Rectus abdominis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Transversus abdominis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Erector spinae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client reports pain and clicking in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) when chewing. Which type of synovial joint is the TMJ classified as?

Modified hinge joint with gliding capability

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pivot joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Saddle joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of connective tissue connects bone to bone and provides stability to joints?

Ligament

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tendon

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fascia

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Cartilage

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client who recently had knee surgery reports a sensation of grinding when bending the knee. Which joint structure is most likely compromised?

Articular cartilage

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Synovial membrane

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Joint capsule

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Quadriceps tendon

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What type of joint allows movement in two planes, permitting flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction but not rotation?

Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hinge joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pivot joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gliding joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client presents with medial knee pain after running. The therapist identifies tenderness along the medial thigh and determines that the adductor group may be involved. Which muscle is part of the adductor group?

Adductor longus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Vastus lateralis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Biceps femoris

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tibialis anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle is the primary plantar flexor of the ankle and forms the visible bulk of the posterior calf?

Gastrocnemius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tibialis anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Peroneus longus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Popliteus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is treating a client with chronic upper back pain. The client has a desk job and spends long hours at a computer. Assessment reveals protracted, anteriorly tilted scapulae and a rounded upper back. Which muscles are most likely shortened and contributing to this postural pattern?

Pectoralis minor and serratus anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Rhomboids and middle trapezius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Posterior deltoid and infraspinatus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Lower trapezius and latissimus dorsi

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Where is the deltoid muscle located and what are its primary actions?

On the lateral shoulder; it performs shoulder abduction, flexion, and extension depending on the fibers activated

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

On the anterior chest; it performs shoulder adduction and internal rotation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

On the posterior neck; it performs cervical extension and lateral flexion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

On the medial arm; it performs elbow flexion and forearm supination

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

When a person slowly lowers a heavy box from shoulder height to the floor, the biceps brachii is lengthening while maintaining tension to control the descent. Which type of contraction is the biceps performing?

Eccentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Concentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isometric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Passive lengthening

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is explaining to a client why their shoulders feel tight after hours of working at a computer. The client has been holding their shoulders in an elevated position without moving them. Which physiological concept best explains the fatigue and discomfort?

Sustained isometric contraction of the upper trapezius depletes local oxygen and accumulates metabolic waste

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Concentric contraction of the rotator cuff causes joint inflammation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The eccentric phase of shoulder elevation causes microtearing

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gravity pulling the shoulders downward stretches the muscles beyond their resting length

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Normal hip flexion range of motion with the knee bent is approximately:

120 degrees

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

45 degrees

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

90 degrees

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

180 degrees

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist asks a client to actively bend and straighten the elbow, then passively moves the joint through the same range. Both active and passive ROM are equal and pain free, but the total range is less than normal. What is the most likely cause of this limitation?

A structural limitation such as joint capsule tightness or bony changes

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Weakness in the muscles that flex and extend the elbow

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pain inhibiting the client from moving through full range

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Excessive muscle tone in the biceps brachii only

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What type of synovial joint is the elbow, and what movements does it primarily allow?

Hinge joint; primarily allows flexion and extension

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ball-and-socket joint; allows movement in all planes

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pivot joint; primarily allows rotation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gliding joint; allows small sliding movements

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client reports difficulty turning their head to check their blind spot while driving. Which muscle is most likely restricted on the side toward which rotation is limited?

Sternocleidomastoid on the opposite side (contralateral SCM)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Upper trapezius on the same side

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Levator scapulae on the same side

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Scalenes on the same side

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The teres minor is a rotator cuff muscle that performs which action?

External rotation of the shoulder

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Internal rotation of the shoulder

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Shoulder abduction beyond 90 degrees

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Elbow flexion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is working on a client with lateral hip pain during walking. Which muscle originates on the external surface of the ilium, inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur, and is commonly involved in lateral hip pain?

Gluteus medius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gluteus maximus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Piriformis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tensor fasciae latae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which movement involves bringing the arm across the front of the body toward the midline in the horizontal plane?

Horizontal adduction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Horizontal abduction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Shoulder extension

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Shoulder circumduction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is evaluating a client who has difficulty performing shoulder internal rotation and adduction. Which rotator cuff muscle would the therapist suspect may be weak or dysfunctional?

Subscapularis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Infraspinatus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Supraspinatus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Teres minor

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle dorsiflexes the ankle and inverts the foot?

Tibialis anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gastrocnemius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Peroneus longus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Soleus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What is the function of the perimysium in skeletal muscle?

It surrounds and groups individual muscle fibers into fascicles

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

It surrounds the entire muscle and provides its outer covering

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

It surrounds each individual muscle fiber

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

It connects muscle to bone at the tendon

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is explaining to a client why slow, sustained stretching is more effective than rapid bouncing for increasing flexibility. Which muscle component is responsible for detecting rapid changes in muscle length and triggering a protective contraction?

Muscle spindle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Golgi tendon organ

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Motor end plate

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Sarcomere

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist performs a technique where they passively shorten a client’s cramping hamstring by flexing the knee, then slowly extend it. The cramp releases. Which proprioceptive mechanism most likely contributed to the muscle relaxation?

Reciprocal inhibition triggered by passive engagement of the antagonist pattern

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Increased stimulation of nociceptors from the stretching

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Activation of Pacinian corpuscles from the joint movement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Direct inhibition of the motor neuron by the Golgi tendon organ alone

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle is the primary abductor of the arm from 15 to 90 degrees?

Deltoid

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Supraspinatus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Infraspinatus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Trapezius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client has difficulty climbing stairs and reports weakness when pushing off the back leg. Which muscle group is most likely weak?

Gluteus maximus and hamstrings

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Quadriceps femoris

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hip adductors

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tibialis anterior and peroneals

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle is the strongest supinator of the forearm?

Biceps brachii

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Supinator

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Brachioradialis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pronator teres

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client complains of lower back pain that worsens with prolonged sitting. Assessment reveals weak abdominal muscles and an increased lumbar lordosis. Which muscle is most important to strengthen to address this postural imbalance?

Rectus abdominis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Erector spinae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Quadratus lumborum

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Latissimus dorsi

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client presents with the head tilted to the right and rotated to the left. Which muscle is most likely shortened or in spasm?

Right sternocleidomastoid

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Left sternocleidomastoid

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Right upper trapezius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Left scalene group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which of the following joints allows the greatest range of motion in the human body?

Glenohumeral joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hip joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Knee joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Atlantoaxial joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which region of the spine allows the greatest amount of rotation?

Cervical region

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Thoracic region

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Lumbar region

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Sacral region

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client reports knee pain that worsens when walking downhill. Which structural component of the knee is most likely affected?

Articular cartilage on the patella

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Anterior cruciate ligament

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Medial meniscus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Popliteal tendon

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

When a client slowly lowers a weight from a flexed elbow position to full extension, what type of contraction is the biceps brachii performing?

Eccentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Concentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isometric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isotonic contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which term describes a muscle that assists the prime mover in performing a specific joint action?

Synergist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Antagonist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fixator

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Neutralizer

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A marathon runner has a predominance of which type of muscle fibers in the soleus and other postural muscles?

Slow-twitch (Type I) fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fast-twitch (Type IIb) fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fast-twitch (Type IIa) fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Intermediate fibers only

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

During a sustained static stretch of the hamstrings, the client gradually feels the muscle release and lengthen further. Which proprioceptive mechanism is primarily responsible for this response?

Autogenic inhibition from the Golgi tendon organ

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Stretch reflex from the muscle spindle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Reciprocal inhibition from the antagonist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Voluntary relaxation from cortical override

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist asks a client to actively dorsiflex the ankle while the therapist stretches the plantar flexors. Which neurological principle is being used to enhance the stretch?

Reciprocal inhibition

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Autogenic inhibition

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Stretch reflex

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Post-isometric relaxation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist performs passive knee flexion and feels a cushioned, spongy resistance at the end of the range. What type of end feel does this indicate, and is it normal for this movement?

Soft end feel, which is normal for knee flexion limited by soft tissue approximation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hard end feel, which is abnormal and suggests joint pathology

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Empty end feel, which indicates the client stopped the movement due to pain

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Firm end feel, which is normal for knee flexion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist performs resisted hip flexion on a client and the client reports pain but demonstrates normal strength. What does this finding suggest?

A contractile tissue injury such as a muscle strain or tendinitis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A joint capsule restriction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A ligament sprain

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A nerve compression syndrome

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle group runs along both sides of the vertebral column and is the primary extensor of the spine?

Erector spinae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Transversospinalis group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Quadratus lumborum

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Latissimus dorsi

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which rotator cuff muscle is responsible for external rotation of the shoulder and is located on the posterior aspect of the scapula below the scapular spine?

Infraspinatus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Supraspinatus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Teres minor

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Subscapularis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A runner complains of pain along the anterior lower leg that worsens with walking, especially on heel strike. Which muscle is most likely involved?

Tibialis anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gastrocnemius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Soleus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fibularis longus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The intervertebral discs between the vertebral bodies are examples of which type of joint?

Cartilaginous joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Synovial joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fibrous joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Diarthrotic joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client pushes against a wall with both hands without producing any movement at the elbow or shoulder joints. What type of muscle contraction is occurring in the pectoralis major?

Isometric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Concentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Eccentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isokinetic contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds individual muscle fibers?

Endomysium

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Perimysium

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Epimysium

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Deep fascia

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client has rounded shoulders and protracted scapulae. Which muscles would a massage therapist most likely find in a shortened, hypertonic state?

Pectoralis minor and serratus anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Rhomboids and middle trapezius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Lower trapezius and latissimus dorsi

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Infraspinatus and teres minor

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What is the normal range of motion for shoulder flexion?

Approximately 180 degrees

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Approximately 90 degrees

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Approximately 120 degrees

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Approximately 150 degrees

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle is the primary lateral rotator of the hip and is located deep to the gluteus maximus?

Piriformis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gluteus medius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tensor fasciae latae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pectineus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist wants to stretch the wrist flexors of a client with forearm tightness. Which movement should the therapist passively perform at the wrist?

Wrist extension

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Wrist flexion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Radial deviation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pronation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of synovial joint is the talocrural (ankle) joint?

Hinge joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pivot joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Saddle joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What term describes the slight, continuous state of muscle contraction that exists even when a muscle is at rest?

Muscle tone (tonus)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Muscle spasm

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Muscle hypertrophy

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Muscle tetanus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle depresses and retracts the scapula and is located in the mid-back between the scapula and the spine?

Rhomboid major

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Serratus anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pectoralis minor

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Teres major

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which proprioceptor detects changes in muscle length and rate of change in length?

Muscle spindle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Golgi tendon organ

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pacinian corpuscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ruffini ending

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is explaining to a client why deep tissue work can affect muscle function. Which structural component of skeletal muscle is responsible for the actual shortening that produces movement?

The sarcomere

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The epimysium

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The tendon

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The fascia

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by high endurance capacity and resistance to fatigue?

Slow-twitch (Type I) fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fast-twitch (Type IIb) fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Smooth muscle fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Cardiac muscle fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist applies a sustained stretch to a client’s hamstring and holds it for 30 seconds. Which proprioceptor mechanism allows the muscle to gradually relax and lengthen during the sustained stretch?

Autogenic inhibition via the Golgi tendon organ

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The stretch reflex via the muscle spindle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Reciprocal inhibition of the antagonist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Sensory adaptation of Pacinian corpuscles

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which sensory receptor is located in joint capsules and ligaments and provides information about joint position and movement?

Joint receptors (mechanoreceptors)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Golgi tendon organs

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Muscle spindles

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Free nerve endings

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist applies PNF stretching to a client’s quadriceps by having the client contract the muscle against resistance, then relax, followed by a deeper stretch. Which proprioceptive principle is being utilized?

Autogenic inhibition: the Golgi tendon organ triggers relaxation after isometric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Reciprocal inhibition: the opposing hamstring contracts to stretch the quadriceps

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The stretch reflex: the muscle spindle causes the quadriceps to contract further

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Sensory adaptation: the muscle spindle stops firing after prolonged stimulation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist performs passive range of motion testing on a client’s shoulder and notices that movement stops abruptly at the end range with a hard, unyielding feel. This type of end feel most likely indicates:

Bone-on-bone contact (hard end feel)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Muscle spasm preventing further movement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Normal soft tissue stretch (soft end feel)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Joint capsule laxity (hypermobility)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What does the abbreviation AROM stand for in the context of musculoskeletal assessment?

Active range of motion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Assisted resistance output measurement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Applied rehabilitative orthopedic method

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Acute reactive outcome measure

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client has full active range of motion in shoulder flexion but reports pain during the last 20 degrees of passive range of motion. What does this finding suggest?

A possible structural issue at end range, such as joint capsule tightness or impingement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The client is malingering and exaggerating their symptoms

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The muscles responsible for shoulder flexion are too weak to function

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The client has full, normal shoulder function with no concerns

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client is slowly lowering a heavy box from a shelf. The biceps brachii is active and the elbow is extending under load. What type of muscle contraction is the biceps performing?

Eccentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Concentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isometric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isotonic relaxation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which term describes the muscle that directly opposes the action of the prime mover during a movement?

Antagonist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Synergist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Stabilizer

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fixator

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction through the interaction of which two protein filaments?

Actin and myosin

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Collagen and elastin

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Keratin and fibrin

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Troponin and tropomyosin

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client holds a plank position, maintaining their body in a straight line with no visible movement. Which type of muscle contraction is primarily occurring in the abdominal muscles during this exercise?

Isometric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Concentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Eccentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isokinetic contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist performs resisted range of motion testing on a client’s shoulder by asking the client to push against the therapist’s hand while the therapist prevents movement. The client reports pain during this test. What does pain with resisted testing most likely indicate?

A contractile tissue (muscle or tendon) problem at the tested joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A ligament sprain at the joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A joint capsule restriction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A nerve entrapment distal to the joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapy student is studying muscle structure and wants to understand how force is transmitted from muscle fibers to bone. Which structure is primarily responsible for this force transmission?

The tendon, which connects the muscle belly to bone

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The endomysium, which surrounds individual muscle fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The sarcomere, which is the contractile unit

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The motor end plate, which receives nerve signals

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The neuromuscular junction is the point where which two structures meet?

A motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Two adjacent bones at a synovial joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

An artery and a vein in the capillary bed

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A tendon and a ligament at a bony attachment

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which sensory receptor is responsible for detecting rapid changes in pressure and vibration in deep tissues?

Pacinian corpuscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Meissner's corpuscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ruffini ending

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Free nerve ending

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of synovial joint allows movement in two planes and is found at the wrist (radiocarpal joint)?

Condyloid (ellipsoid) joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hinge joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pivot joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gliding (plane) joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist observes that a client has excessive joint laxity in the shoulder, allowing movement well beyond the normal range. What term describes this condition?

Hypermobility

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hypomobility

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ankylosis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Crepitus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which structure within a synovial joint produces fluid that lubricates and nourishes the articular cartilage?

The synovial membrane

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The articular cartilage itself

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The joint capsule's fibrous layer

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The periosteum surrounding the bone

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle is the primary hip flexor and is composed of the iliacus and psoas major?

Iliopsoas

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Rectus femoris

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Sartorius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tensor fasciae latae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client presents with difficulty turning their head to the left. Which muscle on the right side of the neck could be responsible when tight or shortened?

Right sternocleidomastoid

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Left upper trapezius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Right levator scapulae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Left splenius capitis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The four muscles of the rotator cuff include the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and which other muscle?

Subscapularis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Teres major

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Deltoid

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Biceps brachii

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client experiences pain when walking up stairs and reports weakness in the front of the thigh. Which muscle group is most likely affected?

Quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hamstrings

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Adductors

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gluteus maximus only

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles share a common tendon that inserts on the calcaneus. What is this tendon called?

The Achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The patellar tendon

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The hamstring tendon

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The plantar fascia

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client has difficulty extending their arm at the elbow against resistance. Which muscle is most likely weak or injured?

Triceps brachii

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Biceps brachii

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Brachialis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Brachioradialis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle is the primary extensor of the hip joint and is the largest muscle in the body?

Gluteus maximus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gluteus medius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Piriformis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tensor fasciae latae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is classified as which type of synovial joint?

A modified hinge joint (allowing both hinge and gliding movements)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A ball-and-socket joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A pivot joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A saddle joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client reports clicking and popping sounds when they open and close their jaw. This finding most likely involves which joint?

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The atlantoaxial joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The sternoclavicular joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The acromioclavicular joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client has difficulty lifting their arm to the side (shoulder abduction) beyond the first 15 degrees. Which muscle would the massage therapist assess first, given its role as the primary shoulder abductor?

Deltoid

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pectoralis major

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Latissimus dorsi

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Teres major

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The levator scapulae muscle performs which primary action?

Elevation of the scapula

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Depression of the scapula

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Protraction of the scapula

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Lateral rotation of the scapula

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

When a muscle contracts but does not produce movement because the resistance equals the force generated, this is called:

Isometric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Concentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Eccentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Isokinetic contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which connective tissue layer surrounds an entire skeletal muscle?

Epimysium

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Endomysium

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Perimysium

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Periosteum

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

During a stretching session, a massage therapist quickly stretches a client’s hamstring. The hamstring immediately contracts in resistance to the stretch. Which proprioceptive mechanism is responsible for this response?

The stretch reflex mediated by muscle spindles

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Autogenic inhibition from the Golgi tendon organ

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Reciprocal inhibition of the quadriceps

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Sensory adaptation of Ruffini endings

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which proprioceptive mechanism involves the relaxation of a muscle when its antagonist contracts?

Reciprocal inhibition

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Autogenic inhibition

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The stretch reflex

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Sensory adaptation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

An ’empty end feel’ during passive range of motion testing means:

The client stops the movement due to pain before any physical barrier is reached

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The joint reaches a hard, bony stop at end range

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The movement ends with a soft, cushioned sensation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The therapist runs out of strength to push further

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of synovial joint allows the greatest range of motion in multiple planes?

Ball-and-socket joint (such as the hip and shoulder)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hinge joint (such as the elbow)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pivot joint (such as the atlantoaxial joint)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gliding joint (such as the intercarpal joints)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscle group is located on the anterior surface of the thigh and is responsible for knee extension?

The quadriceps group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The hamstring group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The adductor group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The calf muscles

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client who works at a desk all day has chronic tightness in their upper trapezius and pain at the base of the skull. When palpating the upper trapezius, the therapist should look for the muscle between which two landmarks?

From the occipital bone and cervical spinous processes to the lateral clavicle and acromion process

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

From the sternum to the mastoid process

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

From the humerus to the coracoid process of the scapula

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

From the iliac crest to the lower ribs

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapy student is learning about the structure of skeletal muscle. When looking at a cross-section of muscle, they observe bundles of muscle fibers grouped together. These bundles are called:

Fascicles

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Myofibrils

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Motor units

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tendons

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client experiences a sudden, involuntary, and painful contraction of their calf muscle during a massage session. This is most accurately described as:

A muscle cramp

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Muscle atrophy

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A concentric contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Muscle hypertrophy

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The energy molecule directly used by muscle fibers during contraction is:

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hemoglobin

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is working with a client who has lateral hip pain that worsens when walking. The therapist suspects tightness in a deep hip lateral rotator. Which muscle should the therapist assess?

Piriformis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Rectus abdominis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Biceps brachii

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tibialis anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which muscles are commonly referred to as the ‘hamstrings’?

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client reports that their knee locks up and catches during movement. Which intra-articular structure, if damaged, could cause these mechanical symptoms?

The meniscus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The quadriceps tendon

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The patellar ligament

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The IT band

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of nerve fiber carries sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system?

Afferent (sensory) nerve fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Efferent (motor) nerve fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Interneurons

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Glial cells

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

After a series of massage sessions targeting the hip flexors, a client demonstrates that their hip extension has increased from 10 degrees to 20 degrees of active range. What does this improvement suggest?

The massage treatment is effectively reducing hip flexor tightness, allowing greater extension range

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The client's hip joint has developed excessive laxity requiring medical attention

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The goniometer is malfunctioning and giving inaccurate readings

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The improvement is clinically insignificant and should not be documented

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The rhomboid muscles are located between the spine and the medial border of the scapula. Their primary action is:

Retraction (adduction) of the scapula toward the spine

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Protraction of the scapula away from the spine

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Elevation of the clavicle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Lateral rotation of the humerus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client with foot drop has difficulty lifting the front of their foot during walking. Which muscle is most likely weak or dysfunctional?

Tibialis anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gastrocnemius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Soleus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Peroneus longus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac found near joints. Its primary function is to:

Reduce friction between bones, tendons, and muscles during movement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Connect bone to bone for stability

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Produce red blood cells for the circulatory system

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Store calcium for bone growth and repair

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A muscle that assists the prime mover in performing a movement is called a:

Synergist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Antagonist

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fixator

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Neutralizer

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A flat, sheet-like tendon that connects a muscle to bone or to another muscle is called an:

Aponeurosis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fascicle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ligament

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Bursa

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client who has been bedridden for several weeks after surgery shows noticeable loss of muscle mass in their legs. This decrease in muscle size is called:

Atrophy

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hypertrophy

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Spasm

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Tetanus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The erector spinae group, located on either side of the vertebral column, is primarily responsible for:

Extension of the spine (maintaining erect posture and bending backward)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Flexion of the spine (bending forward)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Lateral rotation of the hip

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Plantar flexion of the ankle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client complains of difficulty bringing their arm across their body to touch the opposite shoulder. Which muscles would the massage therapist assess first for this movement limitation?

The horizontal adductors, primarily the pectoralis major and anterior deltoid

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The knee extensors, primarily the quadriceps

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The ankle dorsiflexors, primarily the tibialis anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The hip abductors, primarily the gluteus medius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The intervertebral discs between vertebrae are classified as which type of joint?

Cartilaginous joint (symphysis)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Synovial joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fibrous joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ball-and-socket joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ruffini endings are sensory receptors primarily sensitive to:

Sustained pressure and skin stretch

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Rapid vibration and deep pressure

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Light touch and flutter

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Temperature changes

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

During passive range of motion testing, the therapist moves the client’s joint while the client remains completely relaxed. This test primarily assesses:

The integrity of the non-contractile structures (joint capsule, ligaments, cartilage) and the available joint range without muscular involvement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The strength of the muscles crossing the joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The client's cardiovascular fitness level

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The client's willingness to participate in treatment

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction is:

Acetylcholine

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Dopamine

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Serotonin

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Epinephrine

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client presents with medial knee pain that worsens when running or climbing stairs. The massage therapist suspects tightness in the muscles on the medial thigh. Which muscle group should be assessed first?

The adductor group (adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The quadriceps group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The hamstring group

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus)

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The sacroiliac (SI) joint connects which two structures?

The sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The femur and the tibia

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Two adjacent lumbar vertebrae

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The clavicle and the sternum

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Muscle fatigue during prolonged activity is primarily caused by:

Depletion of ATP and accumulation of metabolic byproducts that impair muscle function

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Permanent damage to the muscle fibers

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Excessive growth of new muscle tissue

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Increased production of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist performs a technique where they have the client contract their quadriceps while the therapist resists movement, then have the client relax, and then passively stretch the hamstrings. Which proprioceptive principle is being applied?

Reciprocal inhibition: when the agonist (quadriceps) contracts, the antagonist (hamstrings) reflexively relaxes, allowing a deeper stretch

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Autogenic inhibition: the Golgi tendon organ inhibits the same muscle that contracted

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The stretch reflex: the muscle spindle causes the hamstrings to contract

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Sensory adaptation: the mechanoreceptors stop firing

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The pectoralis minor muscle originates from ribs 3 through 5 and inserts on which structure?

The coracoid process of the scapula

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The acromion process of the scapula

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The greater tubercle of the humerus

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The clavicle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is treating a client with a ‘winging’ scapula, where the medial border of the scapula protrudes from the back. Which muscle is most likely weak or dysfunctional?

Serratus anterior

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Trapezius

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Latissimus dorsi

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Deltoid

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which type of joint allows rotation around a single axis, such as the atlas (C1) rotating on the axis (C2)?

Pivot joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Hinge joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Gliding joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Saddle joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The term ‘muscle tone’ refers to:

The slight, continuous state of partial contraction in muscles at rest that maintains posture and readiness for movement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The maximum force a muscle can generate during a full contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The sound produced by muscles during vigorous exercise

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The color or appearance of muscle tissue

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist is working on a client who has limited flexibility in the hamstrings. Understanding muscle fiber arrangement, which characteristic of the hamstring muscles contributes to their ability to generate strong force through a long range of motion?

Their long, parallel fiber arrangement allows for greater excursion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Their pennate fiber arrangement maximizes force production

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Their circular fiber arrangement creates sustained contraction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Their convergent fiber arrangement allows multi-directional pull

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle contraction?

Sarcomere

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Fascicle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Myofibril

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Motor unit

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Which proprioceptor is located within the muscle belly and detects changes in muscle length?

Muscle spindle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Golgi tendon organ

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Pacinian corpuscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Ruffini ending

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A massage therapist applies a sustained stretch to a client’s hamstring and holds it for 30 seconds. Which proprioceptor is primarily responsible for the gradual relaxation that allows increased range of motion?

Golgi tendon organ

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Muscle spindle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Free nerve ending

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Meissner's corpuscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client experiences a sudden, involuntary contraction when the massage therapist performs a quick stretch of the quadriceps. Which mechanism explains this response?

The stretch reflex activated by muscle spindles detecting rapid lengthening

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The withdrawal reflex triggered by pain receptors in the muscle

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Autogenic inhibition from Golgi tendon organ activation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The crossed extensor reflex from joint receptor stimulation

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

What type of range of motion occurs when the client moves a joint through its range without assistance from the therapist?

Active range of motion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Passive range of motion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Resistive range of motion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Assisted range of motion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

A client’s active shoulder flexion reaches 150 degrees, but passive shoulder flexion reaches 175 degrees. What does this discrepancy most likely indicate?

The muscles responsible for shoulder flexion may have weakness or dysfunction

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The shoulder joint has a structural limitation preventing full motion

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The client has hypermobility in the glenohumeral joint

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

The joint capsule is restricting both active and passive movement

Correct Incorrect Correct answer

MBLEx – Kinesiology — Quick Review

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